【摘要】Based on micro data on individual workers for the period 2000–2005, we show thatwage differentials in the Netherlands are small but present. A large part of these differentials can beattributed to individual characteristics. Remaining effects are partially explained by variations in em-ployment density, with an elasticity of about 4.8 percent, and by Marshall-Arrow-Romer externalities,where doubling the local share of a (two-digit) industry results in a 2.9 percent higher productivity. Wealso find evidence for small negative effects of competition (Porter externalities) and diversity (Jacobsexternalities).

【文献来源】Groot S;Groot H L F;Smit M J.Journal of Regional Science.2014（3）