【摘要】Exploiting the natural experiment created by an unanticipated court injunction, we evaluate driver responses to road pricing. We find evidence of intertemporal substitution toward unpriced times and spatial substitution toward unpriced roads. The effect on traffic volume varies with public transit availability. Net of these responses, Milan’s pricing policy reduces air pollution substantially, generating large welfare gains. In addition, we use long-run policy changes to estimate price elasticities.

【关键词】Road pricing; Traffic policy; Air pollution

【文献来源】Tikoudis I;Verhoef E T;van Ommeren J N.?.Journal of Urban Economics.2015