【摘要】The formation of most RIAs appears to be driven primarily by concerns unrelated to simple economic factors.  Nevertheless, RIAs have important economic implications for participating and non-participating nations.  We categorize the economic effects of PTAs into three types: allocation, accumulation and location.   The first includes a RIA's impact on the static allocation of resources.  The second encompasses a RIA's impact on the accumulation of productive factors.  We define factors broadly enough to included knowledge capital (i.e. the level of technological progress), so our accumulation effects have growth effects.  The third covers an RIA's impact on the spatial allocation of resources and draws on the recent 'economic geography' literature.  These effects are the principal topics of Sections 2 through 6.  To organize presentation, Section 2 introduces a core model.  This permits us to illustrate the various welfare effects in a coherent manner and with a consistent notation throughout the chapter.  Section 2 also deals with allocation effects in models which do and do not allow for scale economies and imperfect competition.  Section 3 covers medium-term and long-term accumulation effects that are particular to preferential, as opposed to unilateral or multilateral, liberalizations.   Section 4 deals with location effects.    Empirical evidence and discussion of evaluations two real-world RIA (NAFTA andEC92) are the subjects of Section 5.  Section 6 deals with further issues.  These include types of regionalism (Section 6.1), regionalism and the world trading system (Section 6.2) and the political economy of RIAs (Section 6.3).  

【文献来源】Baldwin R E, Venables A J. Regional economic integration[J]. Handbook of International Economics, 1995, Vol. 3(4):1597-1644.