【摘要】The paper focuses on the problem of testing for the existence and direction ofcausality in a group of variables, with a spatial framework. Our objective is to produce usefulcriteria to discuss causality on rational and objective bases. We introduce a new non-parametrictest, based on symbolic entropy, which is robust to the functional form of the relation. The testhas good behaviour in samples of medium to large size. The proposal is illustrated with anapplication to the case of migration versus unemployment, using data on 3,108 US counties forthe period 2003–2008.

【文献来源】Herrera, Marcos ; Mur, Jesus ; Ruiz, Manuel.Papers in Regional Studies.2016（3）